返信ありがとうございます。そして情報不足に関して失礼しました。
以下にconfig.logを添付いたします。はっきり言って、サッパリ理解できません(汗)
長いので、2箇所ほど消した箇所があります。

#-------------------------------------------

  $ ./configure --target=h8300-elf --disable-nls

## --------- ##
## Platform. ##
## --------- ##

hostname = xxxx
uname -m = i686
uname -r = 2.6.24-19-lpia
uname -s = Linux
uname -v = #1 SMP Mon Nov 3 15:25:26 UTC 2008

/usr/bin/uname -p = unknown
/bin/uname -X     = unknown

/bin/arch              = unknown
/usr/bin/arch -k       = unknown
/usr/convex/getsysinfo = unknown
hostinfo               = unknown
/bin/machine           = unknown
/usr/bin/oslevel       = unknown
/bin/universe          = unknown

PATH: /usr/local/sbin
PATH: /usr/local/bin
PATH: /usr/sbin
PATH: /usr/bin
PATH: /sbin
PATH: /bin
PATH: /usr/games


## ----------- ##
## Core tests. ##
## ----------- ##

configure:1549: checking build system type
configure:1567: result: i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1
configure:1602: checking host system type
configure:1616: result: i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1
configure:1624: checking target system type
configure:1638: result: h8300-unknown-elf
configure:1682: checking for a BSD-compatible install
configure:1748: result: /usr/bin/install -c
configure:1759: checking whether ln works
configure:1781: result: yes
configure:1785: checking whether ln -s works
configure:1789: result: yes
configure:2983: checking for gcc
configure:2999: found /usr/bin/gcc
configure:3009: result: gcc
configure:3255: checking for C compiler version
configure:3258: gcc --version </dev/null >&5
gcc (GCC) 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu7)
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

configure:3261: $? = 0
configure:3263: gcc -v </dev/null >&5
Using built-in specs.
Target: i686-linux-gnulp
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++,treelang --prefix=/usr --enable-shared --with-system-zlib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --enable-nls --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.2 --program-suffix=-4.2 --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-objc-gc --enable-mpfr --with-arch=i686 --with-tune=i586 --enable-checking=release --build=i686-linux-gnulp --host=i686-linux-gnulp --target=i686-linux-gnulp
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu7)
configure:3266: $? = 0
configure:3268: gcc -V </dev/null >&5
gcc: '-V' option must have argument
configure:3271: $? = 1
configure:3294: checking for C compiler default output file name
configure:3297: gcc    conftest.c  >&5
/usr/bin/ld: crt1.o: No such file: No such file or directory
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
configure:3300: $? = 1
configure: failed program was:
| /* confdefs.h.  */
|
| #define PACKAGE_NAME ""
| #define PACKAGE_TARNAME ""
| #define PACKAGE_VERSION ""
| #define PACKAGE_STRING ""
| #define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT ""
| /* end confdefs.h.  */
|
| int
| main ()
| {
|
|   ;
|   return 0;
| }
configure:3338: error: in `/home/xxxx/Download/binutils-2.19.1':
configure:3341: error: C compiler cannot create executables
See `config.log' for more details.

## ---------------- ##
## Cache variables. ##
## ---------------- ##

ac_cv_build=i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1

(…不必要な感じの部分なので、割愛しましたm(_ _)m)

ac_cv_env_target_alias_set=set
ac_cv_env_target_alias_value=h8300-elf
ac_cv_host=i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1
ac_cv_host_alias=i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1
ac_cv_path_install='/usr/bin/install -c'
ac_cv_prog_ac_ct_CC=gcc
ac_cv_target=h8300-unknown-elf
ac_cv_target_alias=h8300-elf
acx_cv_prog_LN=ln

## ----------------- ##
## Output variables. ##
## ----------------- ##

AR=''
AR_FOR_BUILD='$(AR)'

(…同じく割愛)

RPATH_ENVVAR=''
RUNTEST=''
SHELL='/bin/bash'
STRIP=''
STRIP_FOR_TARGET=''
SYSROOT_CFLAGS_FOR_TARGET=''
TOPLEVEL_CONFIGURE_ARGUMENTS='./configure --target=h8300-elf --disable-nls'
WINDMC=''
WINDMC_FOR_BUILD='$(WINDMC)'
WINDMC_FOR_TARGET=''
WINDRES=''
WINDRES_FOR_BUILD='$(WINDRES)'
WINDRES_FOR_TARGET=''
YACC=''
ac_ct_CC='gcc'
ac_ct_CXX=''
ac_ct_GNATBIND=''
ac_ct_GNATMAKE=''
bindir='${exec_prefix}/bin'
build='i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1'
build_alias=''
build_configargs=''
build_configdirs='build-libiberty build-texinfo build-byacc build-flex build-bison build-m4 build-fixincludes'
build_cpu='i686'
build_libsubdir='build-i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1'
build_noncanonical='i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1'
build_os='linux-gnulibc1'
build_subdir='build-i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1'
build_tooldir=''
build_vendor='pc'
config_shell='/bin/bash'
configdirs='intl mmalloc libiberty opcodes bfd readline tcl tk itcl libgui zlib libcpp libdecnumber gmp mpfr texinfo byacc flex bison binutils gas ld fixincludes gcc sid sim gdb make patch prms send-pr gprof etc expect dejagnu ash bash bzip2 m4 autoconf automake libtool diff rcs fileutils shellutils time textutils wdiff find uudecode hello tar gzip indent recode release sed utils guile perl gawk findutils gettext zip fastjar gnattools'
datadir='${prefix}/share'
datarootdir=''
do_compare=''
docdir=''
exec_prefix='NONE'
gmpinc=''
gmplibs=''
host='i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1'
host_alias=''
host_configargs=''
host_cpu='i686'
host_noncanonical='i686-pc-linux-gnulibc1'
host_os='linux-gnulibc1'
host_subdir='.'
host_vendor='pc'
htmldir=''
includedir='${prefix}/include'
infodir='${prefix}/info'
libdir='${exec_prefix}/lib'
libexecdir='${exec_prefix}/libexec'
localstatedir='${prefix}/var'
mandir='${prefix}/man'
oldincludedir='/usr/include'
pdfdir=''
prefix='NONE'
program_transform_name='s,^,h8300-elf-,'
sbindir='${exec_prefix}/sbin'
sharedstatedir='${prefix}/com'
stage1_cflags=''
stage1_checking=''
stage1_languages=''
stage2_werror_flag=''
sysconfdir='${prefix}/etc'
target='h8300-unknown-elf'
target_alias='h8300-elf'
target_configargs=''
target_cpu='h8300'
target_noncanonical='h8300-elf'
target_os='elf'
target_subdir='h8300-elf'
target_vendor='unknown'
tooldir=''

## ------------- ##
## Output files. ##
## ------------- ##

alphaieee_frag=''
host_makefile_frag='config/mh-x86omitfp'
ospace_frag=''
serialization_dependencies=''
target_makefile_frag=''

## ----------- ##
## confdefs.h. ##
## ----------- ##

#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT ""
#define PACKAGE_NAME ""
#define PACKAGE_STRING ""
#define PACKAGE_TARNAME ""
#define PACKAGE_VERSION ""

configure: exit 77

上手くいきました！ありがとうございます。

このあたりを勉強するに適した書籍などあるといいんですが…どなたか紹介していただけませんか？